Lamberto Quintero said:
Well, I'm sure there was breeding with plenty of blacks because they were there. But do you believe that every family that doesn't look "black" spent generations breeding a "blood" out of the family? I don't. I do believe that some may have done that though.
I don't know. This article might help a little. It stresses that the Spanish stressed the importance of whiteness in Spanish ruled Mexico. I can't get the schematic on here of the racial caste system, but I'll try to get another one.
Essay
Danzón and Mexico's Caste System1
By Frank Montalvo
He was drawn to the music in the town plaza not far from his hotel. There, he saw the people dancing the danzón, a slow ballroom dance originating in Haiti, popularized by Afro-Cubans and imported to Mexico via Vera Cruz around the turn of the last century. The couples embraced and swayed rhythmically with ease. They were fully aware that they were on display with all eyes focused on their intricate steps. The onlookers admired the graceful movements of the dancers with knowing nods often punctuated with applause. He alone seemed to notice that the partners had an array of dark and light skin tones. As he walked through the crowd he heard a woman refer to her dark escort tenderly as "moreno" (dark skin, from moro-Moor) and a man whisper "mi negra" (black) to a woman with porcelain white skin. He was impressed.
"This is a racial paradise," he thought to himself. "I'll write a book about it."
The African presence in the Americas became significant when ten million slaves, 95% of all those who survived the middle passage from Africa arrived at ports of call. In the beginning in Mexico, where estimates of over 200,000 Africans landed, the society emerged with free, convivial relationships among the races. The Spaniards in power contributed to the mestizo and mulatto mix openly. Miscegenation was disparaged and mixed race offspring were seen as threats to civility and the social order later when European women arrived in numbers. Accordingly, the Spaniards shaped the existing racial dynamics into a stratified caste system with themselves on top and the Indians and Africans at the bottom. Inter-caste competition produced envy and hostility as caste was pitted against caste. In the process, the elites consolidated their power.
The incentive for the people to participate in the system was "racial whitening," or blanqueamiento: As one mixed and the children became lighter, one improved social status and in the process "improved the race." The colonizers' power to dictate cultural standards created a preference for Spaniards over Indians and Indians over Africans. People strove to look and behave more like Europeans. As a consequence, the system permanently tied phenotype to social status and denigrated non-European appearance. Whitening more often resulted in brown hues since the mixtures seldom achieved the ideal white purity that was sought. Nevertheless, the social arrangement was unlike other caste systems that were supported by religious belief or legal structure and locked believers forever in their stratum. It remained flexible and many were able to manipulate their identity and those of their children to their advantage as a survival strategy. The system's genius was in motivating people to want to seek acceptance and higher status through skin lightening. Having money or doing a stint in the militia could help to obtain papers declaring one to be of a lighter caste were alternatives for men primarily.
The evidence for the existence of a caste system lies in the country's art works.
Many series of colonial paintings were commissioned for European consumption by wealthy Spaniards to publicize their wealth and civility and document the most unique aspect of New Spain, it's mixed-race society. The paintings depicted the racial blending of families produced by its inhabitants. They portrayed some twenty or more combinations of racial types in a hierarchy of castes beginning with mestizo and mulatto offspring followed by progressively mixed groups frankly depicted by phenotype, dress, occupation, environs and, often, stereotypic behavior.
One series, the 18th century paintings in Las Castas Mexicanas (Garcia Saiz, 1989)2, presented the caste's hierarchy arranged according to the progeny of the three major interracial relationships: Spanish-Indian, African-Spanish and African-Indian. The schematic that follows, Racial Preference in Las Castas Mexicanas, makes four important points: 1. Spaniards defined the limits on whitening by deciding which race mixtures where acceptable and which were not. 2. Indian heritage played a recessive role in unions with Spanish and black castes. 3. Indian blood was "purified" and became white after continued union with Spaniards. 4. African unions spoiled the whitening of all offspring.
It took only three generations for the Spanish-Indian unions to produce the higher-caste Spaniard offspring. Unions between Africans with Spaniards reverted to the lower caste torna atras (literally, "throw back" to black children) in five generations. Unions between Indians and Africans produced the black-skinned offspring cambujo/a in six generations.
The schematic also depicts offspring created by unions between sub-castes (noted by broken lines), along with stereotypes for some of them (in italics). The latter are among the first examples of racism in Latin America when moral, mental and physical characteristics are attributed to phenotypes. For example, the Spanish-Indian subsidiary offspring tend for the most part to be positive (Coyote was "strong and bold") and those involving Africans tend to be negative (Calpamulato was "wild, strong, broad and short" and Cambujo was "slow, lazy and cumbersome").
Racial Preference in Las Castas Mexicanas2
Schematic by Frank F. Montalvo
Open attitudes in Mexico allowed for race mixing, but embedded within them a hierarchy of racial preferences. In time, indigenous Indians became fewer and marginalized and Afro-Latinos disappeared from the collective consciousness, which was one of the purposes of las castas. The population is now regarded as comprising mixed-race mestizos and the fewer, privileged whites -- the maid and the lady of the house popular in novelas (Spanish language soap operas).
Thus, vestiges of the caste system exist today even as couples dance dazón in small town plazas on Saturday night with pleasure and contentment, and oblivious to history and its consequences -- and to curious visitors.
1. Based on Montalvo, F. F. & Codina, G. E. (December 2001). Skin color and Latinos in the United States. Ethnicities, vol. 1, no. 3.
2. Garcia Saiz, M. C. (1989). Las Castas Mexicanas: Un género pictórico Americano (The Mexican castas: A genre of American paintings). Milan, Italy: Olivetti.